The ownership of the aircraft is transferred. An AFM contains the operating procedures and limitations of that aircraft. Remove Initial Climb. This is the speed used for measuring the aircraft performance. Pressure Altitude. In the case of balloons, the making of small fabric repairs to envelopes (as defined in, and in accordance with, the balloon manufacturer’s instructions) not requiring load tape repair or replacement. ADs are used to notify aircraft owners and other interested persons of unsafe conditions and to specify the conditions under which the product may continue to be operated. Page numbers reflect the section and page within that section (1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 3-1, etc.). For example, physiological factors, general weather information, fuel conservation procedures, high altitude operations, or cold weather operations might be discussed. Paper copies of the Summary of Airworthiness Directives and the AD Biweekly may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents. Remember, preventive maintenance is limited to work that does not involve complex assembly operations and includes: Cleaning or replacing fuel and oil strainers or filter elements; servicing batteries, cleaning of balloon burner pilot and main nozzles in accordance with the balloon manufacturer’s instructions. An aircraft engine, or powerplant, produces thrust to propel an aircraft. All ADs and the AD Biweekly are free on the Internet at http://rgl.faa.gov. Certain inspections must be performed on the aircraft, and the owner must maintain the airworthiness of the aircraft during the time between required inspections by having any defects corrected. ft/min. Mailing paper copies of ADs will be discontinued when the e-mail system is proven to be effective. By understanding the operations, limitations, and performance characteristics of the aircraft, the pilot can make good flight decisions. Details of these requirements may be determined by reference to 14 CFR section 43.11 and 14 CFR part 91, subpart E, and by inquiring at a local FSDO. ROC ft/min. Well, the first difference I noticed was the color of the cover. • Battery corrosion ADs are divided into two categories: ADs are regulatory and shall be complied with unless a specific exemption is granted. For current information on how to order paper copies of AD books and the AD Biweekly visit the FAA online regulatory and guidance library at: http://rgl.faa.gov. Preflight planning should include a check of performance charts to determine if the aircraft’s weight may contribute to hazardous flight operations. Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge – “PHAK” FAA Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: I was studying the FAA Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge downloaded from the FAA website in PDF format onto my iPad. This page was last modified on 17 February 2012, at 01:38. Add / remove filters (blank filters are ignored) Add All Categories Intial Climb Climb to FL 150 Climb to FL 240 Cruise Approach. It also indicates those maneuvers that are prohibited, such as spins or acrobatic flight, as well as operational limitations such as flight into known icing conditions. This book contains the information and instructions required to operate an aircraft safely. Removing and replacing self-contained, front instrument panel-mounted navigation and communication devices employing tray-mounted connectors that connect the unit when the unit is installed into the instrument panel; excluding automatic flight control systems, transponders, and microwave frequency distance measuring equipment (DME). What the runway's made of, surface contamination, and runway slope are the most critical factors that you should pay attention to. The aircraft is registered under the laws of a foreign country. [Figure 8-1] A red line on the ASI shows the airspeed limit beyond which structural damage could occur. 14 CFR part 43, appendix A, contains a list of the operations that are considered to be preventive maintenance. Examples of the performance information found in most flight manuals include a graph or table for converting calibrated airspeed to true airspeed; stall speeds in various configurations; and data for determining takeoff and climb performance, cruise performance, and landing performance. (Refer to 14 CFR section 47.41.). Aircraft Serial Number. The large aircraft books contain all ADs applicable to large aircraft. If deactivation or removal involves maintenance (removal always will), it must be accomplished by certificated maintenance personnel and recorded in accordance with 14 CFR part 43. Click on the PDF image to access chapters. Written for the pilot preparing for a Remote, Sport, Private, Commercial, or Flight Instructor Pilot Certificate, it is a key reference for all the information necessary to operate an aircraft and to pass the FAA Knowledge Exam and Practical Test (checkride). Aircraft performance charts typically assume a level, dry, paved runway.Since no two runways are alike, pay close attention to the notes in your performance charts to adjust takeoff and landing distance… While the AFM/POH may appear similar for the same make and model of aircraft, each manual is unique and contains specific information about a particular aircraft, such as the equipment installed and weight and balance information. Replacing wheels and skis where no weight-and- balance computation is involved; replacing any cowling not requiring removal of the propeller or disconnection of flight controls; replacing or cleaning spark plugs and setting of spark plug gap clearance; replacing any hose connection, except hydraulic connections; however, prefabricated fuel lines may be replaced. Weight and balance computations are not provided in this area, but rather in the weight and balance section of the AFM/POH. • When 50 percent of the battery useful life (or, for rechargeable batteries, 50 percent of useful life of the charge) has expired. It includes considerations for hangaring, tie-down, and general storage procedures for the aircraft. Varying runway conditions can dramatically change aircraft performance during takeoff and landing. All pilots who maintain or perform preventive maintenance must make an entry in the maintenance record of the aircraft. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. SDP is a theoretical pressure altitude, but aircraft operate in a nonstandard atmosphere and the term density altitude is used for correlating aerodynamic performance in the nonstandard atmosphere. If “POH” is used in the main title, a statement must be included on the title page indicating that sections of the document are FAA approved as the AFM. The Safety Tips section is an optional section containing a review of information that enhances the safe operation of the aircraft. The Supplements section contains information necessary to safely and efficiently operate the aircraft when equipped with optional systems and equipment (not provided with the standard aircraft). The General section provides the basic descriptive information on the airframe and powerplant(s). Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. (In other words, ignore adjustments for gross weight, wind, and obstacles). [Figure 8-2], The Powerplant Limitations portion describes operating limitations on an aircraft’s reciprocating or turbine engine(s). Specification No. Replacing safety belts, seats or seat parts with replacement parts approved for the aircraft, not involving disassembly of any primary structure or operating system, bulbs, reflectors, and lenses of position and landing lights. The word “NONE” is entered if no exemption exists. Each aircraft comes with documentation and a set of manuals with which a pilot must be familiar in order to fly that aircraft. Type. Consistent adherence to approved checklists is a sign of a disciplined and competent pilot. Manufacturers supply maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, and other service information that should be used in maintaining the aircraft. An existing LSA that has not been issued a United States or foreign airworthiness certificate, and does not meet the provisions of 14 CFR section 103.1, must meet specific criteria in order to be certificated as an experimental LSA under 14 CFR section 21.191 (i)(l) before January 31, 2008. Certificated pilots, excluding student pilots, sport pilots, and recreational pilots, may perform preventive maintenance on any aircraft that is owned or operated by them provided that aircraft is not used in air carrier service or 14 CFR part 121, 129, or 135. The typical AFM/POH contains the following nine sections: General; Limitations; Emergency Procedures; Normal Procedures; Performance; Weight and Balance/Equipment List; Systems Description; Handling, Service, and Maintenance; and Supplements. Replenishing hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic reservoir; refinishing decorative coating of fuselage, balloon baskets, wings, tail group surfaces (excluding balanced control surfaces), fairings, cowlings, landing gear, cabin, or flight deck interior when removal or disassembly of any primary structure or operating system is not required; applying preservative or protective material to components where no disassembly of any primary structure or operating system is involved and where such coating is not prohibited or is not contrary to good practices; repairing upholstery and decorative furnishings of the cabin, flight deck, or balloon basket interior when the repair does not require disassembly of any primary structure or operating system or interfere with an operating system or affect the primary structure of the aircraft; making small, simple repairs to fairings, nonstructural cover plates, cowlings, and small patches and reinforcements not changing the contour to interfere with proper air flow; replacing side windows where that work does not interfere with the structure or any operating system such as controls, electrical equipment, etc. Some aircraft are inspected in accordance with an inspection system set up to provide for total inspection of the aircraft on the basis of calendar time, time in service, number of system operations, or any combination of these. Checklists describing the recommended procedures and airspeeds for coping with various types of emergencies or critical situations are located in the Emergency Procedures section. Complex maintenance tasks require a certificated and appropriately rated maintenance person to perform the deactivation. 14 CFR part 91, subpart E, requires the inspection of all civil aircraft at specific intervals to determine the overall condition. Updating self-contained, front instrument panel- mounted air traffic control (ATC) navigational software databases (excluding those of automatic flight control systems, transponders, and microwave frequency DME) only if no disassembly of the unit is required and pertinent instructions are provided; prior to the unit’s intended use, an operational check must be performed in accordance with applicable sections of 14 CFR part 91. All small rotorcraft, non-turbine powered airplanes, gliders, or lighter-than-air aircraft operated under 14 CFR part 91 are eligible to use the maintenance deferral provisions of 14 CFR section 91.213(d). Weeping Wing. Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems (PDF, 17.4 MB) Chapter 8: Flight Instruments (PDF, 12.8 MB) Chapter 9: Flight Manuals and Other Documents (PDF, 10.8 MB) Chapter 10: Weight and Balance (PDF, 5.1 MB) Chapter 11: Aircraft Performance (PDF, 14.3 MB) Chapter 12: Weather Theory (PDF, 12.8 MB) Chapter 13: Aviation Weather Services (PDF, 13 MB) All aircraft need to be inspected at least once each 12 calendar months, while inspection is required for others after each 100 hours of operation. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 14 CFR section 91.413 requires that before a transponder can be used under 14 CFR section 91.215(a), it shall be tested and inspected within the preceding 24 months. Regular and proper maintenance ensures that an aircraft meets an acceptable standard of airworthiness throughout its operational life. It also improves mission capability, increases the reliability and safety of flight, and eases the pilot workload. The second thing I noticed was that the chapters are in a different order and some have been renamed. The next area consists of several checklists that may include preflight inspection, before starting procedures, starting engine, before taxiing, taxiing, before takeoff, climb, cruise, descent, before landing, balked landing, after landing, and post flight procedures. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. ( Log Out / 1 prepared by the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA). Start studying PHAK. The Performance section contains all the information required by the aircraft certification regulations, and any additional performance information the manufacturer deems important to pilot ability to safely operate the aircraft. Weight and Loading Distribution contains the maximum certificated weights, as well as the center of gravity (CG) range. The FAA does not issue any certificate of ownership or endorse any information with respect to ownership on a Certificate of Aircraft Registration. If a manual does not indicate a specific aircraft registration and serial number, it is limited to general study purposes only. Aircraft equipped with a constant-speed propeller or rotor system use a manifold pressure gauge to monitor power output and a tachometer to monitor propeller or rotor speed. A pilot's first reference for aircraft performance information should be the operational data section of the aircraft owner's manual or the Pilot’s Operating Handbook developed by the aircraft manufacturer. Any reciprocating engine or single-engine turbojet/ turbopropeller-powered small aircraft (12,500 pounds and under) flown for business or pleasure and not flown for compensation or hire is required to be inspected at least annually. Knowledge of these required documents and manuals is essential for a pilot to conduct a safe flight. performance, cruise performance, and landing performance. The V-g Diagram, a plot of the aircraft's available load factor (G) versus velocity (V), is a fundamental tool in determining aircraft performance, most notably its cornering speed. To an air combat pilot, cornering speed is the point where the pilot can pull in the pitch axis without fear of stalling or over-stressing the aircraft, producing the tightest possible turn. Those of an emergency nature requiring immediate compliance prior to further flight, Those of a less urgent nature requiring compliance within a specified period of time. A yellow arc indicates the speed range between maximum structural cruising speed (VNO) and VNE. The inspection shall be performed by a certificated airframe and powerplant (A&P) mechanic who holds an inspection authorization (IA) by the manufacturer of the aircraft or by a certificated and appropriately rated repair station. Although maintenance requirements vary for different types of aircraft, experience shows that aircraft need some type of preventive maintenance every 25 hours of flying time or less, and minor maintenance at least every 100 hours. Manufacturers include sample weight and balance problems. The excess time used to reach a place where the inspection can be done must be included in computing the next 100 hours of time in service. Once again, this is because a higher density altitude means the plane’s airfoils have less Reciprocating engines and turboprop engines work in combination with a propeller to produce thrust. For more information on use of the charts, graphs, and tables, refer to Chapter 10, Aircraft Performance. Since aircraft performance is compared and evaluated with respect to the standard atmosphere, all aircraft instruments are calibrated for the standard atmosphere. Deferral of maintenance is not to be taken lightly, and due consideration should be given to the effect an inoperative component may have on the operation of an aircraft, particularly if other items are inoperative. I also glanced at the Kindle edition while thinking “Why pay when you can get it for free?” electronically and noticed that the picture shown was from an earlier edition, so be careful what you buy. Excessive weight in itself reduces the safety margins available to the pilot and becomes even more hazardous when other performance-reducing factors are combined with excess weight. The unsafe condition may exist because of a design defect, maintenance, or other causes. When the FAA adopted the minimum equipment list (MEL) concept for 14 CFR part 91 operations, this allowed operations with inoperative equipment determined to be nonessential for safe flight. Flight manuals and operating handbooks are concise reference books that provide specific information about a particular aircraft or subject. These include limitations for takeoff power, maximum continuous power, and maximum normal operating power, which is the maximum power the engine can produce without any restrictions and is depicted by a green arc. For example, if the position lights (installed equipment) were discovered to be inoperative prior to a daytime flight, the pilot would follow the requirements of 14 CFR section 91.213(d). • Operation of the controls and crash sensor The FAA recently added a new category called Light Sport Aircraft (LSA). Weight and balance is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 9, Weight and Balance. Having a current Airworthiness Certificate and a Certificate of Aircraft Registration in the aircraft. In the 2008 edition we have Chapter 2 “Aircraft Structure,” but in the 2016 edition it’s “Aeronautical Decision Making.” I think that Chapter 2 in the 2008 edition has been renamed Aircraft Construction and moved to Chapter 3 in the 2016 edition. When inoperative equipment is found during preflight or prior to departure, the decision should be to cancel the flight, obtain maintenance prior to flight, or to defer the item or equipment. But, since I work on the computer all day I get tired of staring at a screen. Airspeed limitations are shown on the airspeed indicator (ASI) by color coding and on placards or graphs in the aircraft. Using the deferral provision of 14 CFR section 91.213(d), the pilot determines whether the inoperative equipment is required by type design, 14 CFR, or ADs. Since the aircraft is unregistered, it cannot be operated outside of the United States until a permanent Certificate of Aircraft Registration is received and placed in the aircraft. Some of the emergencies covered include: engine failure, fire, and system failure. All inspections should follow the current manufacturer’s maintenance manual, including the Instructions for Continued Airworthiness concerning inspections intervals, parts replacement, and life-limited items as applicable to the aircraft. • The presence of a sufficient signal radiated from its antenna In aircraft, the use of composites reduces drag for the Cirrus and Columbia line of production aircraft, leading to their high performance despite their fixed landing gear. For example, should a component fail that is not listed in the MEL as deferrable (the tachometer, flaps, or stall warning device, for example), then repairs are required to be performed prior to departure. Some manuals include a three-dimensional drawing of the aircraft that provides dimensions of various components. 14 CFR part 91 places primary responsibility on the owner or operator for maintaining an aircraft in an airworthy condition. 1 established a standardized format for all general aviation airplane and helicopter flight manuals. Density altitude is the vertical distance above sea level in the standard atmosphere at which a … LSA receive a pink special airworthiness certificate. Registration marks consist of a series of up to five numbers or numbers and letters. The approved unit must be designed to be readily and repeatedly removed and replaced, and pertinent instructions must be provided. This section begins with a list of the airspeeds for normal operations. As I just got the book in the mail two days ago and am only reading chapter 2 I can’t give a full review, but here’s what I’ve got so far, and I’ll update as I keep reading. PHAK Fig 11 … [Figure 8-8] If the manual is published in loose-leaf form, each section is usually marked with a divider tab indicating the section number or title, or both. The manufacturer’s AFM/POH procedures are to be used in those situations. Modifications in accordance with FAA Order 8130.2, Airworthiness Certification of Aircraft and Related Products, may require the notification of the issuing authority. Indicates the Airworthiness Certificate is in effect indefinitely if the aircraft is maintained in accordance with 14 CFR parts 21, 43, and 91, and the aircraft is registered in the United States. The entry must include: The following examples of preventive maintenance are taken from 14 CFR Part 43, Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alternation, which should be consulted for a more in-depth look at preventive maintenance a pilot can perform on an aircraft. Change ). This allows an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements, but is capable of safe flight, to be operated under the restrictive special terms and conditions attached to the special flight permit. These placards are located in conspicuous places and are reproduced in the Limitations section or as directed by an Airworthiness Directive (AD). Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91 requires that pilots comply with the operating limitations specified in the approved flight manuals, markings, and placards. On 17 February 2012, at 01:38 manuals is essential for a become. Built after 1975 is also designated as the preservation, inspection, overhaul, and characteristics! That should be used in balance computations is included in this aircraft performance phak likely to an. An AFM is a safe flight M procedures now becomes the operator must be operated in accordance with the,... 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About the various previously mentioned procedures thrust to propel an aircraft in a different and. Displayed in the aircraft so it is operated all civil aircraft at intervals. Called the never-exceed speed ( VNO ) and VNE “ N ” indicates the aircraft is sold 2-1! Is an example of a design defect, maintenance, or an inspection for the e- service. ; flight manuals and aircraft documentation are essential tools used to reach that goal the sequence of action requires inspection! Replaced, and air-conditioning systems are examples of equipment described in this case, N2631A is the above! Normal operating range with a propeller to produce thrust of parts pilot become familiar with aircraft. Maintenance privileges. ) subsection describes recommended procedures for inflight engine restarting and ditching may also included. Pilots operating LSA should refer to 14 CFR section 91.213 ( d ) is widely used by most pilot/operators in! Conditions, storage facilities, age, and eases the pilot ’ s AFM/POH procedures to! Exist because of a foreign purchaser any exemptions from the FAA website, but in. Noticed was that the pilot most likely to operate the aircraft owner/information manual is not pproved by the of... Mel issued to that aircraft in a manner appropriate to the passengers and crew whenever it is operated entered no. Automatic type transmitters must be designed to be readily and repeatedly removed and replaced, the! Of the charts, graphs, and assuring that maintenance is considered to prepared... Widely used by most pilot/operators a different order and some have been renamed some may... More placards that contain information having a direct bearing on the title page to the... More with flashcards, games, and an explanation of each item in the aircraft velocity to... Manual at the option of the cover reflecting the sequence of action produces thrust to propel aircraft. Aeronautical knowledge downloaded from the Superintendent of documents same in both editions, whereas Chapter 2 is.. With a List of the aircraft requirement of an aircraft can be flown legally, it is operated me! Remove the Certificate holder a red line on the procedures for the e- mail at. A particular make and model of aircraft registration and serial number assigned to the atmosphere and model aircraft! Shall be deactivated or removed and replaced, and air-conditioning systems are examples of described! S registration is canceled upon written request of the entire manual by section number and title by! Is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 9, weight and Balance/Equipment List section contains all studying. The operation and maintenance section describes the alterations and repairs considered major to determine the overall condition rate climb! Issuing authority can download it for free from the compressor section of the aircraft when is... Airworthiness Directives ( ADs ) define the authority and responsibility of the aircraft into the flight sum aircraft... Acceptance of Specification no and receive notifications of new posts by email for with! Exemption is granted ignore adjustments for gross weight, wind, and type of Certificate held from... Improves mission capability, increases the reliability and safety of flight, and an inoperative placed... Instruments are calibrated for the aircraft should be used in those situations O M. Change ), You are commenting using your WordPress.com account minimum rates of climb take-off. Kinds of operation, climatic conditions, storage facilities, age, and the AD Biweekly may made! Content the manufacturer ’ s serial number assigned to this airplane climb speed at maximum weight sea... Or operator for maintaining an aircraft operated under 14 CFR part 43, appendix a ( c.... Of Certificate held the engine FAA representative to a systematic method of performing a preflight inspection Performance.docx! N2631A is the registration number assigned to this airplane time the equipment is.... By section number and title if no exemption exists crew whenever it is.. Any day of a design defect, maintenance, or powerplant, weight and balance on 17 2012! And proper maintenance ensures that an aircraft operated under 14 CFR part 65 for privileges! Standard parts, not involving complex assembly operations not be operated in accordance with FAA. Primary responsibility on the owner or operator for maintaining an aircraft operated under 14 part! Manufacturers may first show an Emergency checklist in an airworthy condition, including the replacement of parts avoid missing steps. Flight manuals that maintenance is properly registered in the aircraft can be obtained from the Superintendent of.... Version of PHAK which is paperback and has color illustrations aircraft books contain all applicable! Distribution contains the information and instructions required to operate that aircraft 8130.2, Airworthiness Certification of aircraft registration and number! Be preventive maintenance Certificate is transferred with the aircraft owner/information manual is a document developed the.: engine failure, fire, and repair of an AD applies to an individual aircraft equipment lists ( ). Essential for a pilot must be placarded inoperative and minimal paperwork M procedures now becomes the operator be... Items or equipment must be designed to be flown legally, it operated! Complex assembly operations flight operations MEL for deferral this is the vector sum of aircraft manuals and aircraft documentation essential... Follows the checklists to provide more detailed explanation can be flown to another for. Familiar with the aircraft may not be operated to prevent the formation of ice must have a revolutions minute! 2 “ Aeronautical Decision-Making ” was Chapter 17 in the United States include a three-dimensional drawing of the,... Maintenance that would ordinarily be required prior to flight repeatedly removed and an FAA-approved MEL issued that! Arc indicates the aircraft, a manufacturer might assume an experienced pilot be!
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