943 Words 4 Pages. Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the human number would exceed the carrying capacity of the Earth. In Niger, where GDP per capita is less than $1 per day, the average number of children a woman is likely to have in her life is more than seven. Population is defined as the number of individuals of the same species; therefore, population growth is the increase of those individuals. In each case, we will try to provide some indication of the degree of certainty and the limits to which these ideas can be applied. The fastest growing countries of Africa (in terms of population) are mostly in the "belt" for malaria (and other diseases of hot, humid tropical climates), and include Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, and others. Derived from total population. The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Now home to 1.2 billion (up from just 477 million in 1980), Africa is projected by the United Nations Population Division to see a slight acceleration of annual population growth in the immediate future. According to the UN’s calculations there are more than 7 billion people on the earth today when 200 years ago there were less than 1 billion. It’s therefore important not to impose interventions that force people into impossible situations, as was the case in India. Another ethical issue is around economics of incentives. The population of sub-Sahara Africa has grown from 186 million to 856 million people from 1950-2010. Making family planning services available can stimulate use of such services even among disadvantaged, poor, illiterate and rural women. Many of the youth in these cities are plugged into social media and know what they are missing out on. In central and western Africa, for example, it is almost three times the global average. The various estimates of the population size of Africa indicate that prior to 1900, the annual growth rate of population was less tharl 0.1 per cent; durirlg the period 1900-1950, it was 1.2 per cent; in the period 1950-1970, the growtn rate was estimated at 2.8 per cent; in … For example, it directly affects fertility through increased duration of exposure to the risk of childbearing. Africa's population growth jeopardizes efforts to fight poverty, while immigration is expected to fuel U.S. population growth. By 2100, Africa will contribute 82% of total growth: 3.2 billion of the overall increase of 3.8 billion people. It’s imperative that African policy makers use interventions that are effective, practical and ethically sound. However, if fertility rates do not fall while death rates continue to decrease, the … In both cases, the catalysts for improvements were government commitment and commensurate budget financing. Of the 2.37 billion increase in population expected worldwide by 2050, Africa alone will contribute 54%. Women have fewer … The decline in fertility rates combined with increased life expectancy in most parts of the world means not only a slowing of population growth but also an older population. By mid-century, the population may have expanded to 72 million people and will still be growing by 800,000 people – every 18 weeks. Genetically engineered drought resistant crops which will reduce/ eliminate starvation. Africa has the highest rate of population growth among major areas. Ageing population . A landmark University of Bath 58-country study predicts that contrary to trends elsewhere in the world, in Africa greater economic development could cause population growth to … At the same time, Africa faces a social and economic situation that is viewed by many as alarming. Africa's rising population and youth unemployment challenge, The campaigners challenging misogyny and sexism in Brazil, Overpopulation, overconsumption – in pictures. They may also lack opportunities such as formal education, because it competes with childbearing. This compounds population growth rates. Natural resources, and the related government spending they financed, generated just 32 percent of Africa’s GDP growth from 2000 through 2008.2 2.Resources contributed 24 percent o… Africa's population has doubled since 1960. He believed that social exploitation and oppression of the less privileged people leads to poverty, overcrowding, unemployment, environmental degradation that in turn, causes over population. In the past, the death rate was high due to lack of food and poor health facilities. Uneducated girls and women are less likely to overcome social barriers to contraceptive use, such as domineering paternalistic cultures or religious prohibition. About one in four women on the continent have an unmet need for family planning. (1998), the high incidence of malaria in sub-Sahara n Africa reduces the annual grow th rate of the continent by 1.3% a year and er adication of malaria in the 1950s would have resulted into a POVERTY IN AFRICA - CAUSES. These are the major reasons in Nigeria. These questions can best be answered by considering the key drivers of population growth in Africa. In 1955 infant mortality was 20% now it is down to 7.6% (By comparison, Australia sits at 0.3% and Germany at 0.3%) A lot of this is down to vaccinations, clean water projects, and access to antibiotics which save many lives. Yet the commodity boom explains only part of Africa’s broader growth story. What has caught demographers off-guard – and has required such dramatic revisions – is that African fertility has not fallen as expected. Around 80 percent of Africa’s massive population growth will occur in cities. — Population growth in sub-Saharan Africa owes primarily to better medical care, which has slashed infant and child mortality and raised average life expectancy from 50 to 61 since 2000. Follow @GuardianGDP on Twitter. Ethics, for example, are a big issue and continue to be debated. Addressing these gaps can help meet women’s needs in Africa and significantly slow population growth rates on the continent. Strong national family planning programmes, investments in contraceptive information and access. York, York, Helping your child with contamination related concerns Since the middle of the last century, improvements in public health have led to a inspiring decrease in infant and child mortality rates. Firstly, women who start childbearing earlier may have less capacity to decide on, or negotiate, their reproductive outcomes. Encouragingly, the 42 million Africans born this year can expect to live to the age of 60. These dynamics create the opposite of a virtuous circle. Africa's population is notably the fastest growing in the world. Accordingly, the country’s current population of 20 million is projected to grow by 800,000 people over the next 12 months. Brand South Africa's research team has analysed the state of South Africa's major cities. Religious propagation. Many areas of Australia and England, both fast-growing countries, are contending with overcrowded schools, congested highways and stratospheric housing costs. Supporting women to achieve their fertility intentions can significantly reduce population growth. To be sure, Africa has benefited from the surge in commodity prices over the past decade. Recent figures from Kenya and Zambia show substantial strengthening of contraceptive use among married women. The Environmental Causes Of Rapid Population Growth In Africa. Secondly, the early onset of childbearing leads to shorter inter-generational gaps. Sub-Saharan Africa has millions of hectares of fertile soil. May 2013 ... the effect of population growth on per capita GDP growth is linear and negative. Uncontrolled births and poverty are among of the causes. In 2010, 90 percent of the continent’s population was living on only 21 percent of the land. — Fertility remains high and human suffering builds steam. More than half of South Africa's population is urbanised – up to 64% of South Africans live in the country's urban centres. Unemployment, instability and entrenched poverty follow suit. Population growth could result as a consequence of immigration, lack of family planning, and more. The dynamics at play are straightforward. In fact, Africa will account for nearly half of global population growth over the next two decades. This comes to 3.5 million more people per month, or 80 additional people per minute. 3. The population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to double by 2050. According to researchers, “currently, the developing world accounts for about 95% of the population growth with Africa as the world’s fastest growing continent” (Hartemink, 2007, p. 85). That number now looks very out of date. However, Africa has a relatively high population growth rate; something in the range of 4.8% per annum in 2013, up from 3.4% in 2011, according to the International Planned Parenthood Federation. And adolescent birth rates are very high. Growing population causes of unemployment Asian Forum Newsl. A few heroic efforts, such as Family Planning 2020, are attempting to stimulate family planning programmes across the continent, and there are some signs of success. Key causes of poverty in Africa and the suffering of millions of people include: GROWTH OF POPULATION. Children's Christmas Lecture (online): What Is a Pirate? However, several factors prevent self-sufficiency and a victory in the fight against hunger in Africa: Population growth: In sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people is growing … This varies significantly from 2.5 in southern Africa to between 5.5 and 5.8 in central and western Africa. Globally, efforts to support changes in individual reproductive behaviour have emphasised the value of individual choice. Under some projections, Nigeria will add more people to the world’s population by 2050 than any other country. Precipitous declines in fertility in Asia and Latin America, from five children per woman in the 1970s to around 2.5 today, led many to believe Africa would follow a similar course. With little or no measures in place to address the issue, the 2.4 billion prediction for 2050 is entirely plausible. Africa has the highest fertility rate in the world and the rate of population growth is higher than in any other region. Prof Mark Collinson of the South African Population Research Infrastructure Network (SAPRIN), the Medical Research Council and the Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), says that in the last 20 years fertility rates in Africa have dropped, the working age population has risen and dependency ratios (the number of dependents supported by the working age population) … Meanwhile, another key demographic variable – the number of children the average African woman is likely to have in her lifetime, or total fertility rate – remains elevated compared to global rates. At that point, African population growth would be able to re-fill an empty London five times a year. They can include financial disincentives and incentives to promote family planning or paying for performance to improve the delivery and uptake of family planning. On the table will be the question: can, and should, incentives and nudges be used to effect changes in fertility patterns on the continent? Rapid population growth rates also have ramifications for political and social conflicts among different ethnic, religious, linguistic and social groups. The population of Africa is expected to roughly double by 2050. 1. In turn, relatively more educated girls and women were able to increase their economic value and societal status – allowing for even greater agency to access and use contraception. Last modified on Fri 6 Oct 2017 13.14 BST. The Earth has a limited capacity and we must not tear open its bowels to feed ourselves. Unmet need refers to the proportion of sexually active women who want to stop – or delay childbearing for at least two years – but are not using any modern contraceptive methods. This projectionis based on an assumption that Niger’s fertility will gradually fall to 2.5 children over the course of the century. Introduction Over the years there have been growing concerns of the students in minimizing the rising BSA population shifters. The UN report predicts that the number of people aged 60 and over will more than triple by … As population growth rapidly, there will be increasing demands for governmental services in … The countries in Africa share many features like reliance on agriculture, experience to European colonialism, high rural population and absolute poverty. — Very low living standards as well as poor health care At the extreme are coercive policies. The main one is high fertility which is driven by multiple factors, including high desired family size, low levels of use of modern contraceptives, and high levels of adolescent childbearing. But in some instances, attempts have been made to induce changes in fertility behaviour through different incentives – and disincentives. Some of the issues that will be considered include: the ethical implications of incentivising behaviour; whether incentives and nudges work, and under what conditions; which specific incentives and nudges are recommended; who incentives should target, and why. Major causes of poverty in Africa. But most of the attempts at (dis)incentivising fertility behaviours are more subtle. High birth rate in an area contributes to high population growth. Jan-Mar 1995;4. Africa Population Growth. Population growth (annual %) - South Africa. As Africa faces the potential for a demographic dividend, certain facts about Africa’s population offer cause for both excitement and concern.. Changing social settings can significantly improve the impact of making contraceptives more available in reducing population growth. Causes of population growth include high birth rate, low infant mortality, increased food production and improvement of public health. Population growth can account for a struggle to get jobs and can cause social and economic strain causing people to migrate to countries with better opportunities. Africa has an estimated population of 1.1 billion people. Discoveries and inventions in food and health sectors have saved lives. Another driver revolves around family planning. Since Africa has the highest population growth rate and the second largest population in the world, the “population burden” will put more pressure on the development of economy though Africa is always suffering from poverty. That’s about 11 million people a year for the past 60 years or approximately 670 million people in 60 years. Developmental success and economic growth cannot keep pace with this. Beyond unreliable supplies of contraceptives in many countries the greater obstacles to lower fertility are often male opposition to contraception, religious teachings, social norms, or misinformation about contraceptive options and their side-effects. Illiteracy 4. More children surviving into adulthood and healthier adults have lowered the death rate in several African countries. Examples include the one child policy in China and involuntary sterilisation of mainly poor women in India. Urban population growth (annual %) - Sub-Saharan Africa World Bank staff estimates based on the United Nations Population Division's World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision. Population growth on the African continent is rapid, despite numerous prevention and education campaigns. Isn’t it Europe that is overpopulated, rather than Africa? Take a large population like Nigeria. This is defined as the age difference between mothers and daughters. And most of these people are under the age of 40. By 2100, Africa will contribute 82% of total growth: 3.2 billion of the overall increase of 3.8 billion people. While it is true that the food insecurity problems in Africa are complex and will not all be solved overnight, there has been some progress made on this important issue. In Kenya, 58% of married women now use modern contraception, and in Zambia this measure has risen from 33% to 45% in the last three years. The average in other parts of the world is 2.2 or less, with a global average of 2.5 children per woman. What’s driving population growth on the continent, and what can be done to slow the trend, is one of the subjects that will be addressed this week at the 8th African Population Conference in Entebbe in Uganda. Some possible solutions. The impact of healthcare is a major positive. One of the major causes for population increase is actually increased quality of life. What are the implications? According to Karl Marx, population growth is a symptom rather than the cause of poverty, resource depletion, pollution and other social ills. Population source: ( 1 ) United Nations Population Division. The extreme poverty in Africa has many reasons, some of which are closely linked. In a handful of countries, previous declines have stalled altogether and are reversing. Contextual information should be sought before implementing incentive-based – and potentially controversial – programmes. Lack of family planning. Rapid population growth helps overstrain educational systems and local economies and can be a challenge to any government. These factors help to explain why, for example, Niger’s population is growing at 3% per annum while Botswana’s population is growing at 1% per annum. This is a mistake because of its multiple effects in increasing population growth. While Africa may not be lacking land, its population is crowded into cities. The growth of population in Africa is a key factor that lies at the root of many population-related challenges. These interventions also don’t deny individuals freedom of choice. Africa has a population density of only 33%, relative to 70% for Europe and 87% for Asia. It is predicted that by 2050 the world population is to rise from 7.2 billion to 9.7 billion. Lack of awareness/ education. Using financial incentives and nudges to effect changes are not without concerns. As recently as 2004, the United Nations’ expected Africa to grow only to 2.2 billion people by 2100. The government, NGOs and the people of the society have to work together to solve the problem of overpopulation in our country. By the year 2050, annual increases will exceed 42 million people per year and total population will have doubled to 2.4 billion, according to the UN. Unbridled growth of population is certainly a problem that our country needs to overcome. In the past year the population of the African continent grew by 30 million. Thus, widespread poverty, low labour productivity, the growing demand for food and slow industrialization distort and degrade the international trade of African countries. Governments also face ethical dilemmas because of the contradiction between ensuring protection of the rights of individuals to decide on the number of children to have, and protecting the welfare of the larger community and achieving national development goals that may require slower population growth rates. The reality is that as the size of any populace expands, governments must construct infrastructure apace. This is in addition to the massive rush to urbanization that has already occurred in Africa. From any big-picture perspective, these population dynamics will have an influence on global demography in the 21st century. The role that an early start in childbearing plays in rapid population growth is generally ignored. 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