human killed by elephant

The contemporary historian Khafi Khan reported that "for a trifling offense he [Santaji] would cast a man under the feet of an elephant. [11] Some monarchs also adopted this form of execution for their own entertainment. The sight of elephants executing captives both horrified and attracted the interest of European travellers and was recorded in numerous contemporary journals and accounts of life in Asia. Lamenting that it was yet another reflection of the escalating human … In the same period about 510 … The Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta, visiting Delhi in the 1330s, has left the following eyewitness account of this particular type of execution by elephants:[12]. When elephants and humans interact, there is conflict from crop raiding, injuries and deaths to humans caused by elephants, and elephants being killed by humans for reasons other than ivory and habitat degradation. About eleven o'clock the elephant was brought out, with only the driver on his back, surrounded by natives with bamboos in their hands. It is big, eats about two wagon loads of straw at once; its mouth is in its breast, and when it wants to eat it protrudes its lip about two cubits, takes up the straw with it, and puts it in its mouth. Writing in 1914, Eleanor Maddock noted that in Kashmir, since the arrival of Europeans, "many of the old customs are disappearing – and one of these is the dreadful custom of the execution of criminals by an elephant trained for the purpose and which was known by the hereditary name of 'Gunga Rao'. Benisch, A. Perdiccas saw that they [the mutineers] were paralyzed and at his mercy. [1] Several such exercises of mercy are recorded in various Asian kingdoms. Elephants are widely reported to have been used to carry out executions in Southeast Asia, and were used in Burma and Malaysia from the earliest historical times[3] as well as in the kingdom of Champa on the other side of the Indochinese Peninsula. Collins, John Joseph. The kings of Siam trained their elephants to roll the convicted person "about the ground rather slowly so that he is not badly hurt". Poachers have killed at least six elephants in a single day in Ethiopia, wildlife officials said on Tuesday, the largest such slaughter in memory in the east African nation.. A sketch depicting the execution showed the condemned being forced to place his head upon a pedestal, and then being held there while an elephant crushed his head underfoot. Man is killed when an elephant sits on him: ‘Carer’ is crushed as he beat the animal with a cane to make it lie down… only to slip underneath the beast and get squashed. Elephant mystery deepens as study suggests animals died ‘fast and sudden’ and were not killed by poachers. Hindu and Muslim rulers executed tax evaders, rebels and enemy soldiers alike "under the feet of elephants". Upon a certain day, when I myself was present, some men were brought out who had been accused of having attempted the life of the Vizier. Theunis Botha, 51, was leading an afternoon hunt at Good Luck Farm, near Hwange National Park, Friday when the group stumbled upon a herd of elephants, according to South African media reports. The ruler was thus seen as maintaining a moral and spiritual domination over wild beasts, adding to their authority and mystique among subjects.[1]. [28] The mass execution was ultimately thwarted, supposedly by the intervention of angels, following which Ptolemy took an altogether more forgiving attitude towards his Jewish subjects. The French traveler François Bernier, who witnessed such executions, recorded his dismay at the pleasure that the emperor derived from this cruel punishment. At around 45 years old, Riff Raff was an elephant bull in his prime, driven by ancient instincts at conflict with the space available to him. Why Transparent Eyeglass Frames are Selling Like Hotcakes? When the sultan condemns anyone to death, they say to the elephant, "this person is guilty." Another Mughal ruler, the emperor Jahangir, is said to have ordered a huge number of criminals to be crushed for his amusement. "The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture". During the native dynasty it was the practice to train elephants to put criminals to death by trampling upon them, the creatures being taught to prolong the agony of the wretched sufferers by crushing the limbs, avoiding the vital parts. The journal of John Crawfurd records another method of execution by elephant in the kingdom of Cochinchina (modern south Vietnam), where he served as a British envoy in 1821. ASIN: B0000CLTET. [1] The Hindu Manu Smriti or Laws of Manu, written sometime between 200 BCE and 200 CE, prescribed execution by elephants for a number of offences. "Natural history of man, the globe, and of quadrupeds". Yasin Newaz, Divisional Forest Officer, Wildlife Management and Ndature Conservation Division, Chittagong told the Dhaka Tribune that the incidents of human-elephant attack rose alarmingly in Chittagong region. With the last tyrant king of Candy, this was a favourite mode of execution and as one of the elephant executioners was at the former capital during our sojourn there we were particularly anxious to test the creature's sagacity and memory. They were sometimes preceded by torture publicly inflicted by the same elephant used for the execution. Rabbi Petachiah of Ratisbon, a twelfth-century Jewish traveler, reported an execution by this means during his stay in Seljuk-ruled northern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq):[23]. See Example(s) A man was on holiday in Kenya. "[14], The early-19th-century writer Robert Kerr relates how the king of Goa "keeps certain elephants for the execution of malefactors. "[9] Captain Alexander Hamilton, writing in 1727, described how the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan ordered an offending military commander to be carried "to the Elephant Garden, and there to be executed by an Elephant, which is reckoned to be a shameful and terrible Death". H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830. The sketch was made into a woodcut and printed in "Le Tour du Monde", a widely circulated French journal of travel and adventure, as well as foreign journals such as Harper's Weekly. While African elephants are significantly larger than Asian elephants, African powers were not known to make as much use of the animals in warfare or ceremonial affairs compared to their Asian counterparts. Indian (Asian) elephants may kill up to 360 or so humans a year in situations where, shall we say, humans and the elephants are involved in human/elephant conflicts. The intelligence, domesticability, and versatility of the elephant gave it considerable advantages over other wild animals such as lions and bears used as executioners by the Romans. On such occasions the elephant-driver rode upon them: and, when a man was thrown to them, they would wrap the trunk about him and toss him up, then take him with the teeth and throw him between their fore feet upon the breast, and do just as the driver should bid them, and according to the orders of the Emperor. For Treason and Murder, the Elephant is the Executioner. Sirr, Sir Charles Henry, quoted in Barrow, George. London, 1856. "Ceylon: Past and Present". Its head is not protruding. A famous South African big-game hunter has died after being crushed by an elephant that had been shot during a hunt in Zimbabwe. They were ordered, accordingly, to be thrown to the elephants, which had been taught to cut their victims to pieces. "[27], There are fewer records of elephants being used as straightforward executioners for the civil population. "Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China". Most commonly employed by royalty, the elephants were used to signify both the ruler's absolute power and his ability to control wild animals. “Conflicts have now been detected in 41 sites where wild elephants are present, up from just 20 back in 2003,” Pichet Noonto, an elephant specialist, warned in 2018. A suspected poacher in South Africa was killed by an elephant before his body was then eaten by a pride of lions. "A New Account of the East Indies: Being the Observations and Remarks of Capt. Tennent, Emerson James. [25] The Roman writer Quintus Curtius Rufus relates the story in his Historiae Alexandri Magni:[26]. Historically, the elephants were under the constant control of a driver or mahout, thus enabling a ruler to grant a last-minute reprieve and display merciful qualities. "A Sourcebook on the Roman Games". "The Percy Anecdotes vol. Their hoofs were cased with sharp iron instruments, and the extremities of these were like knives. While 26 persons were killed in human-elephant conflicts in 2018-19 (financial year), the toll up to December 31 was 17 in 2019-20. [1] Alexander Hamilton provides the following account from Siam:[5]. The man, though covered in mud, showed every sign of life, and seemed to be in the most excruciating torments. South African Man Crushed To Death By Wounded Elephant : The Two-Way Theunis Botha was leading a hunting group when the elephant charged and lifted him up in … "[7] For example, in 1305, the sultan of Delhi turned the deaths of Mongol prisoners into public entertainment by having them crushed by elephants. This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 17:18. When elephant routes get damaged because of human intervention, human-elephant conflict arise within that region. Due to rampant deforestation, the elephant-human conflict seems to be escalating in India. Futrell, Alison (Quoted by) (ed.). Riff Raff the ‘problem-causing’ elephant. About 2,361 people were killed in attacks by elephants between 2014 and 2019, according to data recorded by the Indian government. The practice was eventually suppressed by the European colonial powers that colonised the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. The criminal was placed three yards behind on the ground, his legs tied by three ropes, which were fastened to a ring on the right hind leg of the animal. Crawfurd, John. During an expedition to central India in 1868, Louis Rousselet described the execution of a criminal by an elephant. "A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels". "[19], Elephants were widely used across the Indian subcontinent and South Asia as a method of execution. University of Pennsylvania Press, May 2006. Most commonly employed by royalty, the elephants were used to signify both the ruler's absolute power and his ability to control wild animals. Perdiccas, who became regent of Macedon on the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, had mutineers from the faction of Meleager thrown to the elephants to be crushed in the city of Babylon. Alexander Hamilton, from the Year 1688 to 1723". Maddock, Eleanor. The executions were intended to be gruesome and often were. A source in the department said according to the four-year data, Karnataka occupies the sixth spot nationally when it comes to humans being killed by elephants and tigers. It then seizes him with its lip, casts him aloft and slays him. University of California Press, 1985. p. 80. Lee, Samuel (trans). Leavitt & Allen, 1857. p. 113. Oxford University Press, 2004. If the order was to cut him to pieces, the elephant would do so with his irons, and then throw the pieces among the assembled multitude: but if the order was to leave him, he would be left lying before the Emperor, until the skin should be taken off, and stuffed with hay, and the flesh given to the dogs. At Nineveh there was an elephant. Execution by elephant was a common method of capital punishment in South and Southeast Asia, particularly in India, where Asian elephants were used to crush, dismember or torture captives in public executions. [17], The use of elephants as executioners continued well into the latter half of the 19th century. After impaling the victim's body with its tusks, the elephant would "then tear it in pieces, and throw it limb from limb".[20]. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1860. Odisha: 100 Humans Killed in Conflict with Elephants in One Year This year till date, on an average, one human-elephant encounter has been witnessed every 2 days and in every 3 days, a human has been reported killed in such encounters. The earliest records of such executions date back to the classical period. Elephants accounted for 1,052 human deaths and tigers 92, according to the figures released to parliament last week. [1] COPA Chaired by Prof Tissa Vitharana has also revealed that […] "What the Crystal Revealed". Lamenting that it was yet another reflection of the escalating human-animal conflict particularly in Gudalur and surroundings of the Nilgiris district ,wildlife activist of the United Conservation Movement Vijay Krishnaraj told The Hindu that it was high time the authorities concerned woke up to the dangerous trend. "[6], Elephants were used as executioners of choice in India for many centuries. (trans). This aggression can be deadly for humans, who are far outmatched by an elephant’s size and height in a confrontation. According to local reports Sheldon and a colleague […] The condemned Person is made fast to a Stake driven into the Ground for the Purpose, and the Elephant is brought to view him, and goes twice or thrice round him, and when the Elephant's Keeper speaks to the monstrous Executioner, he twines his Trunk round the Person and Stake, and pulling the Stake from the Ground with great Violence, tosses the Man and the Stake into the Air, and in coming down, receives him on his Teeth, and making him off again, puts one of his fore Feet on the Carcase, and squeezes it flat. "The Law Code of Manu". Execution by elephant has been done in many parts of the world, by both Western and Eastern empires. That figure breaks down to 426 human deaths in 2014-15, and 446 the following year. Ryley Scott, George. However, the practice was already well established by that time and continued well into the 19th century. 1. Schimmel, Annemarie. Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc. Elephant-human conflict is a result of habitat loss and fragmentation. The body was removed to the Government hospital in Gudalur for post mortem. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, October 1999. Rangers at … "[21] Knox's book depicts exactly this method of execution in a famous drawing, An Execution by an Eliphant. 3 Maccabees describes an attempt by Ptolemy IV Philopator (ruled 221–204 BC) to enslave and brand Egypt's Jews with the symbol of Dionysus. The practice appears to have been adopted in parts of the Muslim Middle East. Blackwell Publishing, 2006. p. 8. Eraly, Abraham. Udhagamandalam: In an attack reportedly by a wild pachyderm, late on Friday,Nagamuthu (65) of Kannan Vayal near Cherambadi was killed. [2] Elephants were occasionally used in trial by ordeal in which the condemned prisoner was released if he managed to fend off the elephant. John Murray, 1857. pp. [4] In Siam, elephants were trained to throw the condemned into the air before trampling them to death. Kerala, the land with the highest literacy record in India witnessed an incident of human cruelty few days ago. A man suspected of being a rhino poacher was killed last week by an elephant and his remains devoured by a pride of lions at a South African park, officials said. ... to test the animals to ensure they do not pose a risk to human life. [18], The growing power of the British Empire led to the decline and eventual end of elephant executions in India. Sirr comments:[22]. "Travels of Petachia of Ratisbon". Other Indian polities also carried out executions by elephant. When the majority of the Jews resisted, the king is said to have rounded them up and ordered them to be trampled on by elephants. Conflict between humans and elephants is more intense in Sri Lanka than anywhere else in the world - 70 people are killed every year and more than 250 elephants die. Crawfurd recalls an event where "the criminal is tied to a stake, and [Excellency's favourite] elephant runs down upon him and crushes him to death. Telling Numbers: 2,361 humans, 510 elephants killed in conflict in five years Among elephant deaths caused in conflict with humans, electrocution is the primary cause, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the deaths (333 out of 510). After having been tortured in this manner for about an hour, he was taken to the outside of the town, when the elephant, which is instructed for such purposes, was backed, and put his foot on the head of the criminal. Responding to a query in Lok Sabha, Minister of State for Environment Babul Supriyo says that last year alone, nearly 494 persons were killed by elephants. 135–6. "Between Athens and Jerusalem: Jewish Identity in the Hellenistic Diaspora". African Lion. Man-eating lions like the ones who famously killed over 100 men working on a railway … While primarily confined to Asia, the practice was occasionally used by Western powers, such as Ancient Rome and Carthage, particularly to deal with mutinous soldiers. According to the Elephant Rage documentary, perhaps a thousand elephants are killed each year for their ivory or food, or because they have become a danger to humans … Abu Naser Md. Woman killed in elephant attack in Chhattisgarh A 35-year-old woman was trampled to death by a wild elephant in Chhattisgarh's Korba district, a forest department official said on Tuesday. [2] Nor was crushing the only method used by the Mughals' execution elephants; in the Mughal sultanate of Delhi, elephants were trained to slice prisoners to pieces "with pointed blades fitted to their tusks". Allsen, Thomas T. "The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History". Hamilton, Alexander. On November 24, three people were trampled to death by wild elephants in the upazila. Penguin, 2004. p. 474. One such example is mentioned by Josephus and the deuterocanonical book of 3 Maccabees in connection with the Egyptian Jews, though the story is likely apocryphal. Writing in 1850, the British diplomat Henry Charles Sirr described a visit to one of the elephants that had been used by Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last king of Kandy, to execute criminals. Knox says the elephants he witnessed had their tusks fitted with "sharp Iron with a socket with three edges". [1] On one occasion, Akbar was recorded to have had a man thrown to the elephants to suffer five days of such treatment before pardoning him. The Maratha Chatrapati Sambhaji ordered this form of death for a number of conspirators, including the Maratha official Anaji Datto in the late seventeenth century. A man was killed by an elephant he mistook for one he had aided years earlier. Such executions were often held in public as a warning to any who may transgress. Similarly, the Roman writer Valerius Maximus records how the general Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus "after King Perseus was vanquished [in 167 BC], for the same fault (desertion) threw men under elephants to be trampled ... And indeed military discipline needs this kind of severe and abrupt punishment, because this is how strength of arms stands firm, which, when it falls away from the right course, will be subverted. Warning. Deserters, prisoners of war and military criminals are recorded by ancient chroniclers to have been put to death under the foot of an elephant. The 19th-century traveler James Emerson Tennent comments that "a Kandyan [Sri Lankan] chief, who was witness to such scenes, has assured us that the elephant never once applied his tusks, but, placing his foot on the prostrate victim, plucked off his limbs in succession by a sudden movement of his trunk. The 527 people were killed between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2020. Tributes have poured in for a young safari field guide, Sheldon Hooper (27) who has tragically been killed by an elephant in a luxury private game reserve adjacent to South Africa’s famous Kruger National Park. However, elephants often fare … Investigators say ill-fated Friedrich, 46, was attempting to give the ailing elephant an olive-oil enema when the relieved beast unloaded on him like a dump truck full of mud. Prof Tissa Vitarana heading the COPA inquiry on human-elephant conflict By Saman Indrajith An inquiry conducted by the Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts (COPA) has found that Sri Lanka is the country with the highest number of elephants killed due to the human-elephant conflict. VIII". The English sailor Robert Knox, writing in 1681, described a method of execution by elephant which he had witnessed while being held captive in Sri Lanka. He withdrew from the main body some 300 men who had followed Meleager at the time when he burst from the first meeting held after Alexander's death, and before the eyes of the entire army he threw them to the elephants. Punjab BJP says Yograj Singh should be jailed for his comment, Country will not have to wait too long for Covid-19 vaccine: PM, BJP govt at Centre should withdraw farm laws or step down, says Mamata. Mosquito-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue, West Nile disease, yellow fever, and Zika disease cause widespread suffering and death. "The Travels of Ibn Batuta". The animals were trained and versatile, able to kill victims immediately or to torture them slowly over a prolonged period. In a horrific incident, a 15-year-old pregnant elephant died in Kerala, standing in water, on 27 May, after she was fed a pineapple stuffed with firecrackers, offered to … Crushing by elephant had been abolished by the British after they annexed the Kingdom of Kandy in 1815 but the king's execution elephant was still alive and evidently remembered its former duties. The Romans, Carthaginians and ancient Macedonians occasionally used elephants for executions while also making use of war elephants for military purposes, most famously in the case of Hannibal. Most people consider them nothing more than a summer evening nuisance, but they are the deadliest animal on earth. "Alexander the Great". W. Blackwood, 1811. Oriental Translation Committee, 1829. The ‘problem-causing’ elephant known as Riff Raff has been shot and killed by provincial authorities in South Africa. During the medieval period, executions by elephants were used by several West Asian imperial powers, including the Byzantine, Sassanid, Seljuq and Timurid empires. "Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors", Phoenix House, 2005. Execution by elephant was a common method of capital punishment in South and Southeast Asia, particularly in India, where Asian elephants were used to crush, dismember or torture captives in public executions. Wild elephants in Odisha have killed 527 people in the last six years and this year, it may only get worse, statistics by a non-profit have shown. Copyright © 2020 The Covai Post, All Rights Reserved. vol. Elephants can be trained to execute prisoners in a variety of ways, and can be taught to prolong the agony of the victim by inflicting a slow death by torture or to kill the condemned quickly by stepping on the head. Surprisingly, the most dangerous animal to humans is not a large, sharp-toothed predator but rather a tiny, buzzing insect. West Bengal state accounted for more than a quarter of deaths. An account of one such torture-and-execution at Baroda in 1814 has been preserved in The Percy Anecdotes: The man was a slave, and two days before had murdered his master, brother to a native chieftain, called Ameer Sahib. COVID-19 shock waves: Taking stock of the Indian economy. Olivelle, Patrick (trans). An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Execution_by_elephant&oldid=991549534, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [8], During the Mughal era, "it was a common mode of execution in those days to have the offender trampled underfoot by an elephant. [10] The Mughal Emperor Humayun ordered the crushing by elephant of an imam he mistakenly believed to be critical of his reign. The chief then gave the word of command, ordering the creature to 'slay the wretch!' The state has already reported eight human deaths just six days into the current year — 2020-21. (CNN) A 59-year-old Austrian tourist has been killed by an elephant while on a camping trip in Namibia, the southern African country's Ministry of Environment and Tourism said Friday. If property was stolen, for instance, "the king should have any thieves caught in connection with its disappearance executed by an elephant. Not unlike white tail Kerr, Robert. "[15] The naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon cited this flexibility of purpose as evidence that elephants were capable of "human reasoning, [rather] than a simple, natural instinct".[16]. [1] When the Sassanid king Khosrau II, who had a harem of 3,000 wives and 12,000 female slaves, demanded as a wife Hadiqah, the daughter of the Christian Arab Na'aman, Na'aman refused to permit his Christian daughter to enter the harem of a Zoroastrian; for this refusal, he was trampled to death by an elephant. Their use as instruments of state power sent the message that the ruler was able to preside over very powerful creatures who were under total command. Udhagamandalam: In an attack reportedly by a wild pachyderm, late on Friday,Nagamuthu (65) of Kannan Vayal near Cherambadi was killed. Fox, Robin Lane. C. Hitch and A. Millar, 1744. The elephant raised his trunk, and twined it, as if around a human being; the creature then made motions as if he were depositing the man on the earth before him, then slowly raised his back-foot, placing it alternately upon the spots where the limbs of the sufferer would have been. This he continued to do for some minutes; then, as if satisfied that the bones must be crushed, the elephant raised his trunk high upon his head and stood motionless; the chief then ordered him to 'complete his work,' and the creature immediately placed one foot, as if upon the man's abdomen, and the other upon his head, apparently using his entire strength to crush and terminate the wretch's misery. "Ceylon: An Account of the Island Physical, Historical and Topographical". At every step the elephant took, it jerked him forward, and every eight or ten steps must have dislocated another limb, for they were loose and broken when the elephant had proceeded five hundred yards. The Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great is said to have "used this technique to chastise 'rebels' and then in the end the prisoners, presumably much chastened, were given their lives". [13] Another Maratha leader, the general Santaji, inflicted the punishment for breaches in military discipline. This is where the elephant population and the human population are vying for the same territory. Reaktion Books, February 2004. Elephants have long been used as symbols of royal authority (and still are in some places, such as Thailand, where white elephants are held in reverence). To that end, many of the elephants were especially large, often weighing in excess of nine tons. History, Art and Culture '' ] in Siam, elephants were used... In various Asian kingdoms parts of the Island Physical, Historical and Topographical '' malaria, dengue West. Elephants he witnessed had their tusks fitted with `` sharp iron instruments, and Roberts, 1860 ]. Being the Observations and Remarks of Capt breaks down to 426 human deaths just six days into the current —... By provincial authorities in South Africa at 17:18 tax evaders, rebels and enemy soldiers alike `` under the of. Earliest records of such executions were intended to be escalating in India for many centuries both. 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