Clinical Toxicology:Diagnosis and treatment of poisoning; evaluation of methods of detection and intoxication, mechanism of action in humans (human tox, pharmaceutical tox) and animals (veterinary tox). The book was recently translated and published in Chinese and has been translated into Arabic, German, and Spanish. This book addresses many unique nontherapeutic agents that may be encountered by the clinician. Toxicology Handbook is a practical evidence-based guide on the care of the poisoned patient.. List of issues ... Books; Keep up to date. Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Support Contract Reviewer (2014); U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), National Center for Toxicology, Research, Systems Biology Subcommittee (2016); National Institute for Occupational, Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Oak Ridge Associated Universities, SK Profiles, Review Group (2014); U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory committee on, alternative toxicological methods (2013); and has served as vice president of the. This lecture note on toxicology is primarily inspired for undergraduate laboratory technology students who participate in the care of poisoned patients. * Best Book Clinical Toxicology Of Drugs Principles And Practice * Uploaded By Catherine Cookson, clinical toxicology of drugs principles and practice clinical toxicology of drugs principles when people should go to the books stores search establishment by shop shelf by shelf it is in reality problematic title i 1 2 i 1 2 book clinical Dr. Barile has served on several U.S. government advisory committees, including: Toxicology Assessment Peer Review Committee, U.S. Environmental Protection. Toxicology Handbook is a practical evidence-based guide on the care of the poisoned patient. president of the In Vitro and Alternative Methods Specialty Section of the U.S. Society of Toxicology and a former member of the Scientific Advisory Committee, for Alternative Toxicological Methods, the National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Cookie Settings, Terms and Conditions 2. The Journal is a member benefit and has an Impact Factor (IF) of 4.398. After doing a postdoctoral fellowship in, Pulmonary Pediatrics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, he, moved to the Department of Pathology, Columbia University—St. Toxicology. The current clinical toxicology books available on the market tend to focus on the therapeutic agents, with nontherapeutic agents briefly added. I. Hodgson, Ernest, 1932– RA1211.H62 2010 615.9—dc22 2009045883 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In addition, the effect of toxins on a limited number of body systems and drug-induced adverse drug reactions are also covered. Guides clinicians through drug administration and treatment, Incorporates drug dosages and administration are based on current pharmacological regulations. Dr. Barile continues original research on the cytotoxic effects of therapeutic, drugs, environmental chemicals, and controlled substances on cultured mammalian, embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells and has dedicated. January 2020—CAP Publications released this month the second edition of Clinical Toxicology Testing—A Guide for Laboratory Professionals, edited by Barbarajean Magnani, PhD, MD; Tai C. Kwong, PhD; Gwendolyn A. McMillin, PhD; and Alan H.B. Mobile/eReaders – Download the Bookshelf mobile app at VitalSource.com or from the iTunes or Android store to access your eBooks from your mobile device or eReader. • Offers a unique perspective for toxicology, pharmacology, pharmacy and health professions students. • Discusses source of the drug or chemical, pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of action, detection, identification, and treatment, • Examines the complex interactions associated with clinical toxicological events, • Emphasizes the signs and symptoms of diseases and pathology caused by toxins and clinical drugs, • Covers effect of toxins on body systems and drug-induced adverse reactions, • Offers a unique perspective for toxicology, pharmacology, pharmacy and health professions students. It incorporates both theoretical and practical knowledge gathered over more than 35 years of clinical experience. Privacy Policy Clinical toxicology encompasses the expertise in the specialties of medical toxicology, applied toxicology, and clinical poison information. If you decide to participate, a new browser tab will open so you can complete the survey after you have completed your visit to this website. University Professors Faculty Association Award, St. John’s University, in 2003, 2004–2005, 2013–2014, and 2015–2016 and received the prestigious Public Health, Service Medallion from the director of the National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Dr. Linda Birnbaum, for contributions to the Scientific Advisory. Clinical Toxinology Resources Website provides information on venoms, toxins, antivenoms, diagnosis, treatment and emergency medicine, for snakebite, spiderbite, envenoming and poisoning by animals, plants, mushrooms. With special emphasis placed on signs and symptoms of diseases and pathology caused by toxins and clinical drugs, the new edition, examines the complex interactions associated with clinical toxicological events as a result of therapeutic drug administration or chemical exposure. Wu, PhD. Topics covered includes: Introduction to toxicology, General approach to the poisoned patients, Practical aspects of analytical toxicology and Medical toxicants. As with the two previous editions, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology: Principles and Mechanisms, Third edition, examines the complex interactions associated with clinical toxicological events as a result of therapeutic drug administration or chemical exposure. 18.2 Acetaminophen (N-Acetyl-Para-Aminophenol, APAP, Paracetamol)............................................................... 271, 18.2.1 Incidence................................................................... 271, 18.2.2 Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology................. 272, 18.2.3 Clinical Use............................................................... 272, 18.2.4 Metabolism and Mechanism of Toxicity................... 272, 18.2.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 274, 18.2.6 Clinical Management of Acute Overdose................. 274, 18.3 Salicylates and Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN, ASA).......... 276, 18.3.1 Incidence and Clinical Use....................................... 276, 18.3.2 Toxicokinetics...........................................................277, 18.3.3 Mechanism of Toxicity..............................................277, 18.3.4 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 278, 18.3.5 Clinical Management of Toxicity.............................. 279, 18.4 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDS)............. 281, 18.4.1 History and Description............................................ 281, 18.4.2 Classification, Pharmacology, and Clinical Use.......282, 18.4.3 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity....................282, 18.4.4 Clinical Management of Acute Overdose.................282, 18.5 Methods of Detection.............................................................284, References.........................................................................................284, Suggested Readings...........................................................................284, Review Articles.................................................................................285, Chapter 19 Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids.........................................................287, 19.1 The Endocrine System...........................................................287, 19.2 Neuroendocrine Physiology...................................................287, 19.2.1 Description................................................................287, 19.3 Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids (AAS)...................................288, 19.3.1 Definition and Incidence...........................................288, 19.3.2 Pharmacology and Clinical Use................................289, 19.3.3 Adverse reactions......................................................289, 19.3.4 Addiction and Withdrawal Syndrome.......................293, 19.3.5 Treatment of the Consequences of Chronic, Steroid Use................................................................293, 19.4 Estrogen and Progestins.........................................................293, 19.4.1 Physiology.................................................................293, 19.4.2 Pharmacology and Clinical Use................................294, 19.4.3 Clinical Toxicity of Prolonged Estrogen and/or, Progestin Administration..........................................294, References.........................................................................................297, Suggested Readings...........................................................................297, Review Articles.................................................................................297, Chapter 20 Cardiovascular Toxicology................................................................299, 20.1 Epidemiology..........................................................................299, 20.2 Cardiovascular (CV) Physiology............................................299, 20.2.1 CV Functions.............................................................299, 20.2.2 Cardiac Circulation...................................................300, 20.2.3 Electrophysiology......................................................300, 20.2.4 The Conducting System............................................ 301, 20.2.5 Electrocardiography..................................................302, 20.3 Digitalis Glycosides................................................................303, 20.3.1 Medicinal Chemistry.................................................303, 20.3.2 Pharmacology and Clinical Use................................304, 20.3.3 Toxicokinetics...........................................................304, 20.3.4 Clinical Manifestations of Toxicity...........................305, 20.3.5 Mechanisms of Toxicity............................................305, 20.3.6 Clinical Management of Intoxication........................306, 20.3.7 Methods of Detection................................................307, 20.4 Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists..................................307, 20.4.1 β-Adrenergic Receptor System..................................307, 20.4.2 Pharmacology and Clinical Use................................307, 20.4.3 Clinical Manifestations of Toxicity...........................308, 20.4.4 Clinical Management of Intoxication........................308, 20.5 Calcium Channel Antagonists (Ca2+ Channel Blockers)........309, 20.5.1 Pharmacology and Clinical Use................................309, 20.5.2 Clinical Manifestations of Toxicity........................... 310, 20.5.3 Clinical Management of Intoxication........................ 310, 20.6 Other CV Drugs..................................................................... 310, 20.6.1 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE), Inhibitors................................................................... 311, 20.6.2 Direct Vasodilators.................................................... 312, 20.6.3 Antiarrhythmic Drugs............................................... 313, References......................................................................................... 314, Suggested Readings........................................................................... 314, Review Articles................................................................................. 315, Chapter 21 Antineoplastic Agents....................................................................... 317, 21.1 Description............................................................................. 317, 21.2 Review of the Cell Cycle........................................................ 317, 21.3 Antimetabolites...................................................................... 318, 21.3.1 Pharmacology and Clinical Use................................ 318, 21.3.2 Acute Toxicity........................................................... 319, 21.3.3 Clinical Management of Acute Overdose................. 319, 21.4 Alkylating Agents................................................................... 320, 21.4.1 Pharmacology and Clinical Use................................ 320, 21.4.2 Acute Toxicity........................................................... 320, 21.4.3 Clinical Management of ADRs................................. 321, 21.5 Miscellaneous Chemotherapeutic Drugs............................... 321, 21.5.1 Natural Products........................................................ 321, 21.5.2 Hormones and Antagonists....................................... 323, 21.5.3 Platinum Coordination Complexes...........................324, 21.5.4 Substituted Urea........................................................324, References......................................................................................... 325, Suggested Readings........................................................................... 325, Review Articles................................................................................. 325, Chapter 22 Vitamins............................................................................................ 329, 22.1 Introduction............................................................................ 329, 22.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins.............................................................. 331, 22.2.1 Vitamin A and Retinoic Acid Derivatives................ 331, 22.2.2 Vitamin D.................................................................. 332, 22.2.3 Vitamin E.................................................................. 335, 22.2.4 Vitamin K.................................................................. 335, 22.3 Water-Soluble Vitamins.......................................................... 336, 22.3.1 Thiamine................................................................... 336, 22.3.2 Riboflavin.................................................................. 336, 22.3.3 Niacin........................................................................ 336, 22.3.4 Folic Acid.................................................................. 338, 22.3.5 Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)................................. 338, 22.3.6 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)....................................... 338, 22.3.7 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)........................................... 339, 22.3.8 Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)................................. 339, References.........................................................................................340, Suggested Readings...........................................................................340, Review Articles.................................................................................340, Chapter 23 Herbal Remedies............................................................................... 343, 23.1 Introduction............................................................................ 343, 23.2 Nomenclature and Classification............................................344, 23.2.1 Nomenclature............................................................344, 23.2.2 Therapeutic Category................................................ 345, 23.3 Indications.............................................................................. 345, 23.4 Other Therapeutic and Toxicologic Information on, Herbal Products...................................................................... 345, References......................................................................................... 356, Suggested Readings........................................................................... 356, Review Articles................................................................................. 357, Section III Toxicity of Nontherapeutic Agents, Chapter 24 Alcohols and Aldehydes.................................................................... 361, 24.1 Ethanol.................................................................................... 361, 24.1.1 Incidence and Occurrence......................................... 361, 24.1.2 Chemical Characteristics.......................................... 361, 24.1.3 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 362, 24.1.4 Calculation of Blood Alcohol Concentrations, (BAC)........................................................................ 363, 24.1.5 Mechanisms of Toxicity............................................364, 24.1.6 Clinical Manifestations of Acute Toxicity................366, 24.1.7 Management of Acute Intoxication...........................368, 24.1.8 Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Toxicity.............368, 24.1.9 Management of Chronic Intoxication....................... 370, 24.1.10 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)................................. 371, 24.1.11 Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal.................. 371, 24.1.12 Methods of Detection................................................ 372, 24.2 Methanol................................................................................. 373, 24.2.1 Incidence and Occurrence......................................... 373, 24.2.2 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 373, 24.2.3 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 373, 24.2.4 Clinical Manifestations of Acute Intoxication.......... 374, 24.2.5 Management of Acute Intoxication........................... 374, 24.3 Isopropanol............................................................................. 374, 24.3.1 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 375, 24.3.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity............................................ 375, 24.3.3 Clinical Manifestations of Acute Toxicity................ 375, 24.3.4 Management of Acute Intoxication........................... 375, 24.4 Formaldehyde......................................................................... 375, 24.4.1 Incidence and Occurrence......................................... 376, 24.4.2 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 376, 24.4.3 Mechanisms of Toxicity............................................ 377, 24.4.4 Clinical Manifestations of Acute Intoxication.......... 377, 24.4.5 Management of Acute Intoxication........................... 377, References......................................................................................... 377, Suggested Readings........................................................................... 377, Review Articles................................................................................. 378, Chapter 25 Gases................................................................................................. 381, 25.1 Introduction............................................................................ 381, 25.2 Pulmonary Irritants................................................................ 381, 25.3 Simple Asphyxiants................................................................ 382, 25.3.1 Introduction............................................................... 382, 25.3.2 Gaseous Agents......................................................... 382, 25.4 Toxic Products of Combustion (TCP).................................... 387, 25.4.1 Introduction............................................................... 387, 25.4.2 Clinical Toxicity........................................................ 387, 25.5 Lacrimating Agents (Tear Gas).............................................. 389, 25.5.1 Introduction............................................................... 389, 25.5.2 Chemical Agents....................................................... 389, 25.6 Chemical Asphyxiants............................................................ 389, 25.7 Carbon Monoxide (CO).......................................................... 389, 25.7.1 Incidence................................................................... 389, 25.7.2 Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Exposure.....391, 25.7.3 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 391, 25.7.4 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 391, 25.7.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 392, 25.7.6 Treatment of Acute Poisoning................................... 393, 25.8 Cyanide................................................................................... 394, 25.8.1 Chemical Characteristics, Occurrence, and Uses..... 394, 25.8.2 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 394, 25.8.3 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 394, 25.8.4 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 395, 25.8.5 Treatment of Acute Poisoning................................... 395, 25.9 Methods Of Detection............................................................397, References.........................................................................................397, Suggested Readings...........................................................................397, Review Articles................................................................................. 398, Chapter 26 Metals................................................................................................ 401, Anirudh J. Chintalapati and Frank A. Barile, 26.1 Introduction............................................................................ 401, 26.1.1 Background............................................................... 401, 26.1.2 Exposure and Applications....................................... 401, 26.1.3 Physiological Role of Metals.....................................402, 26.2 Chelation Therapy..................................................................402, 26.2.1 Description................................................................402, 26.2.2 Dimercaprol...............................................................404, 26.2.3 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)................404, 26.2.4 Penicillamine.............................................................405, 26.2.5 Deferoxamine............................................................406, 26.2.6 Succimer....................................................................406, 26.2.7 Unithiol......................................................................407, 26.3 Antimony................................................................................407, 26.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties.............................407, 26.3.2 Occurrence and Uses.................................................407, 26.3.3 Mechanism of Toxicity..............................................408, 26.3.4 Toxicokinetics...........................................................408, 26.3.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Poisoning.................408, 26.3.6 Treatment of Acute Poisoning...................................408, 26.4 Arsenic (As)............................................................................409, 26.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties.............................409, 26.4.2 Occurrence and Uses.................................................409, 26.4.3 Mechanisms of Toxicity............................................409, 26.4.4 Toxicokinetics...........................................................409, 26.4.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 410, 26.4.6 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Toxicity................. 410, 26.4.7 Treatment of Acute Poisoning................................... 410, 26.4.8 Treatment of Chronic Poisoning............................... 411, 26.4.9 Carcinogenesis.......................................................... 411, 26.5 Asbestos.................................................................................. 411, 26.5.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 411, 26.5.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 411, 26.5.3 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 412, 26.5.4 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 412, 26.5.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 412, 26.5.6 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Toxicity................. 412, 26.5.7 Treatment of Acute Poisoning................................... 413, 26.5.8 Treatment of Chronic Poisoning............................... 413, 26.6 Cadmium................................................................................ 413, 26.6.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 413, 26.6.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 413, 26.6.3 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 414, 26.6.4 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 414, 26.6.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 414, 26.6.6 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Toxicity................. 415, 26.6.7 Treatment of Acute Poisoning................................... 415, 26.6.8 Treatment of Chronic Poisoning............................... 415, 26.7 Cobalt..................................................................................... 415, 26.7.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 415, 26.7.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 415, 26.7.3 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 416, 26.7.4 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 416, 26.7.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 416, 26.7.6 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Toxicity................. 416, 26.7.7 Treatment of Acute Poisoning................................... 417, 26.7.8 Treatment of Chronic Poisoning............................... 417, 26.8 Copper.................................................................................... 417, 26.8.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 417, 26.8.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 417, 26.8.3 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 418, 26.8.4 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 418, 26.8.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 419, 26.8.6 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Toxicity................. 419, 26.8.7 Treatment of Acute Poisoning................................... 419, 26.8.8 Treatment of Chronic Poisoning............................... 419, 26.9 Iron (Fe2+, Fe3+)....................................................................... 420, 26.9.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 420, 26.9.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 420, 26.9.3 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 420, 26.9.4 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 421, 26.9.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 422, 26.9.6 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Toxicity................. 422, 26.9.7 Treatment of Acute Poisoning................................... 422, 26.9.8 Treatment of Chronic Poisoning............................... 423, 26.9.9 Clinical Monitoring................................................... 423, 26.10 Lead........................................................................................ 423, 26.10.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 423, 26.10.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 423, 26.10.3 Mechanism of Toxicity..............................................424, 26.10.4 Toxicokinetics...........................................................424, 26.10.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 426, 26.10.6 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Toxicity................. 426, 26.10.7 Treatment of Acute Poisoning................................... 426, 26.10.8 Treatment of Chronic Poisoning............................... 427, 26.10.9 Clinical Monitoring................................................... 427, 26.11 Mercury (Hg).......................................................................... 427, 26.11.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 427, 26.11.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 427, 26.11.3 Occupational and Environmental Exposure............. 429, 26.11.4 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 429, 26.11.5 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 429, 26.11.6 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity, (Inhalation and Ingestion)......................................... 430, 26.11.7 Signs and Symptoms of Subacute or Chronic, Poisoning................................................................... 431, 26.11.8 Clinical Management of Hg Poisoning..................... 431, 26.12 Selenium (Se).......................................................................... 431, 26.12.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 431, 26.12.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 431, 26.12.3 Physiological Role..................................................... 432, 26.12.4 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 432, 26.12.5 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 432, 26.12.6 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 433, 26.12.7 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Toxicity................. 433, 26.12.8 Clinical Management of Poisoning........................... 433, 26.13 Silver (Ag).............................................................................. 433, 26.13.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 433, 26.13.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 433, 26.13.3 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 434, 26.13.4 Argyria...................................................................... 434, 26.14 Zinc (Zn)................................................................................. 434, 26.14.1 Physical and Chemical Properties............................. 434, 26.14.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 434, 26.14.3 Physiological Role..................................................... 435, 26.14.4 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 435, 26.14.5 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 435, 26.14.6 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 435, 26.14.7 Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Toxicity................. 436, 26.14.8 Clinical Management of Poisoning........................... 436, References......................................................................................... 436, Suggested Readings........................................................................... 436, Review Articles................................................................................. 437, Chapter 27 Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons............................................. 439, 27.1 Introduction............................................................................ 439, 27.1.1 Aliphatic and Alicyclic Hydrocarbons...................... 439, 27.1.2 Aromatic HCs............................................................ 439, 27.1.3 General Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity...... 439, 27.2 Petroleum Distillates.............................................................. 441, 27.2.1 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 441, 27.2.2 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 441, 27.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons......................................................... 441, 27.3.1 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 441, 27.3.2 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 441, 27.4 Halogenated Hydrocarbons....................................................443, 27.4.1 Occurrence and Uses.................................................443, 27.4.2 Mechanism of Toxicity..............................................444, 27.5 Methods Of Detection............................................................448, References.........................................................................................448, Suggested Readings...........................................................................448, Review Articles.................................................................................449, Chapter 28 Insecticides........................................................................................ 451, 28.1 Introduction............................................................................ 451, 28.2 Organophosphorus Compounds (Organophosphates, OP)..... 451, 28.2.1 Chemical Characteristics.......................................... 451, 28.2.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 452, 28.2.3 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 453, 28.2.4 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 454, 28.2.5 Clinical Management of Acute Poisoning................ 455, 28.3 Carbamates............................................................................. 456, 28.3.1 Chemical Characteristics, Occurrence, and Uses..... 456, 28.3.2 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 456, 28.3.3 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 456, 28.3.4 Clinical Management of Acute Poisoning................ 456, 28.4 Organochlorine (OC) Insecticides.......................................... 456, 28.4.1 Chemical Characteristics.......................................... 456, 28.4.2 Occurrence and Uses................................................. 458, 28.4.3 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 458, 28.4.4 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 458, 28.4.5 Clinical Management of Acute Poisoning................460, 28.5 Miscellaneous Insecticides..................................................... 461, 28.5.1 Pyrethroid Esters....................................................... 461, 28.5.2 Nicotine..................................................................... 461, 28.5.3 Boric Acid (H3BO3)...................................................462, 28.5.4 Rotenone....................................................................462, 28.5.5 Diethyltoluamide (DEET).........................................463, 28.6 Methods of Detection.............................................................463, References.........................................................................................464, Suggested Readings...........................................................................464, Review Articles.................................................................................465, Chapter 29 Herbicides..........................................................................................467, 29.1 Introduction............................................................................ 467, 29.2 Chlorphenoxy Compounds..................................................... 467, 29.2.1 Chemical Characteristics.......................................... 467, 29.2.2 Occurrence and Uses.................................................469, 29.2.3 Signs and Symptoms and Mechanism of Acute, Toxicity......................................................................469, 29.2.4 Clinical Management of Acute Poisoning................ 470, 29.3 Bipyridyl Herbicides............................................................... 470, 29.3.1 Chemical Characteristics, Occurrence, and Uses..... 470, 29.3.2 Toxicokinetics........................................................... 470, 29.3.3 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 471, 29.3.4 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity.................... 472, 29.3.5 Clinical Management of Acute Poisoning................ 472, 29.4 Miscellaneous Herbicides....................................................... 473, 29.5 Methods of Detection............................................................. 473, References......................................................................................... 475, Suggested Readings........................................................................... 475, Review Articles................................................................................. 476, Chapter 30 Rodenticides...................................................................................... 477, 30.1 Introduction............................................................................ 477, 30.2 Anticoagulants........................................................................ 477, 30.2.1 Chemical Characteristics.......................................... 477, 30.2.2 Commercial and Clinical Use................................... 479, 30.2.3 Toxicokinetics...........................................................480, 30.2.4 Mechanism of Toxicity..............................................480, 30.2.5 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Toxicity....................480, 30.2.6 Clinical Management of Acute Poisoning................ 481, 30.3 Phosphorus (P)........................................................................482, 30.3.1 Chemical Characteristics, Occurrence, and Uses.....482, 30.3.2 Toxicokinetics...........................................................482, 30.3.3 Mechanism and Signs and Symptoms of Acute, Toxicity......................................................................482, 30.3.4 Clinical Management of Acute Poisoning................483, 30.4 Red Squill...............................................................................483, 30.4.1 Chemical Characteristics, Occurrence and Uses......483, 30.4.2 Mechanism and Signs and Symptoms of Acute, Toxicity......................................................................484, 30.4.3 Clinical Management of Acute Poisoning................484, 30.5 Metals: Thallium, Barium......................................................484, 30.5.1 Thallium (Tl).............................................................484, 30.5.2 Barium (Ba)...............................................................485, 30.6 Methods Of Detection............................................................485, References.........................................................................................486, Suggested readings............................................................................486, Review Articles.................................................................................487, Chapter 31 Chemical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis......................................489, 31.1 Introduction............................................................................489, 31.2 Mechanisms Of Chemical Carcinogenesis............................. 491, 31.2.1 Metabolism................................................................ 491, 31.2.2 Chemistry.................................................................. 491, 31.2.3 Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species............ 491, 31.2.4 Mutagenesis...............................................................492, 31.2.5 DNA Repair...............................................................494, 31.2.6 Epigenetic Carcinogenesis........................................494, 31.3 Multistage Carcinogenesis......................................................494, 31.3.1 Tumor Initiation......................................................... 495, 31.3.2 Tumor Promotion...................................................... 495, 31.3.3 Tumor Progression....................................................497, 31.4 Carcinogenic Characteristics..................................................497, 31.4.1 Classification............................................................. 498, 31.4.2 Identification.............................................................. 498, 31.4.3 Carcinogenic Potential..............................................499, 31.4.4 Carcinogenic Risk Assessment.................................499, 31.4.5 Carcinogenic and Genotoxic Agents......................... 501, 31.5 Cancer Chemoprevention....................................................... 501, 31.5.1 General Considerations............................................. 501, 31.5.2 Cancer Chemopreventive Agents..............................502, 31.5.3 Mechanisms Underlying Cancer Chemoprevention...... 502, References.........................................................................................502, Suggested Readings...........................................................................502, Review Articles.................................................................................504, Chapter 32 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity.......................................505, 32.1 Introduction............................................................................505, 32.2 History and Development.......................................................506, 32.3 Summary of Maternal–Fetal Physiology...............................506, 32.3.1 Definitions.................................................................506, 32.3.2 First Trimester...........................................................507, 32.3.3 Second and Third Trimesters....................................508, 32.4 Mechanisms of Developmental Toxicity................................508, 32.4.1 Susceptibility.............................................................508, 32.4.2 Dose–Response and Threshold.................................508, 32.5 Drugs Affecting Embryonic and Fetal Development.............509, 32.5.1 Classification.............................................................509, 32.5.2 Drug Classes.............................................................509, 32.6 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (Edcs)................................ 513, 32.6.1 Mechanism of Toxicity.............................................. 514, 32.6.2 Effects of EDCs on Female Reproductive System.... 515, 32.6.3 Effects of EDCs on Male Reproductive System....... 518, 32.6.4 Management of EDC Exposure................................. 519, References......................................................................................... 519, Suggested Readings........................................................................... 519, Review Articles................................................................................. 520, Chapter 33 Radiation Toxicity............................................................................. 523, 33.1 Principles Of Radioactivity.................................................... 523, 33.2 Ionizing Radiation.................................................................. 524, 33.2.1 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation................... 524, 33.2.2 Sources...................................................................... 524, 33.2.3 Clinical Manifestations............................................. 525, 33.2.4 Nuclear Terrorism and Health Effects...................... 527, 33.3 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation..................................................... 527, 33.3.1 Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation............... 527, 33.3.2 Sources...................................................................... 528, 33.3.3 Clinical Manifestations............................................. 528, 33.4 Nonionizing Radiation........................................................... 531, 33.4.1 Sources...................................................................... 531, 33.4.2 Biological Effects and Clinical Manifestations........ 531, References......................................................................................... 532, Suggested Readings........................................................................... 532, Review Articles................................................................................. 532, Chapter 34 Chemical and Biological Threats to Public Safety........................... 535, 34.1 Introduction............................................................................ 535, 34.2 Biological Pathogenic Toxins as Threats to Public Safety..... 536, 34.2.1 Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)..................................... 537, 34.2.2 Botulism.................................................................... 541, 34.2.3 Plague (Yersinia pestis)............................................. 541, 34.2.4 Brucellosis (Brucella suis)........................................ 542, 34.2.5 Salmonellosis (Salmonella species).......................... 543, 34.2.6 Typhoid Fever............................................................ 545, 34.2.7 Shigellosis (Shigella Species)....................................546, 34.2.8 Escherichia coli O157:H7.........................................546, 34.2.9 Cholera (Vibrio cholerae).......................................... 547, 34.2.10 Smallpox....................................................................548, 34.2.11 Tularemia (Francisella tularensis), Q Fever, (Coxiella burnetti), and Viral Hemorrhagic, Fevers (VHF)............................................................549, 34.3 Chemical Agents As Threats To Public Safety...................... 550, 34.3.1 Nerve Gases............................................................... 550, 34.3.2 Vesicants, Chemical Asphyxiants, and, Pulmonary Irritants................................................... 551, 34.3.3 Ricin (Ricinus communis)......................................... 551, References......................................................................................... 552, Suggested Readings........................................................................... 552, Review Articles................................................................................. 553, Index....................................................................................................................... 555, Frank A. 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